Just off main street †summary Essay

In â€Å"Just Off Main Street† author Elmaz Abinader depicts the physical and social barrier between Americans and hyphenated Americans such as Arab-Americans who live in dual sensitivity facing identity crisis, racism and other various problems living in America. In the first part of the story â€Å"Crossing The Threshold† we learn of young Abinader, her family, their customs and how they are separated from the rest of the families in their town. In the second part of the story â€Å"Making A Writerâ€Å"Abinader explains how entering college changes her view on her identity that lead to the person she is today. Abinader grew up in a small Pennsylvanian town, her father and uncle ran three businesses through which they served the neighborhood. From the store gate Abinader saw no difference between her father and the people on the streets. This idea soon changed when she met the two Barbie like girls in school, she realized there was nothing in common between her and the other kids. Even though they didn’t know how her lifestyle was, they made fun of her. After she reaches home she understands her life and that of her peers are separated by the â€Å"magic door†. Since it’s a Wednesday Abinader’s mother prepared Arab delicacies which have â€Å"hypnotic† effect on her. The three boys and three girls of the Abinader family had after school duties, devotion to God, obedience to parents, and good school grades dominated the family. They gave little importance to interactions that took place outside the house. On holidays, relatives visited, they ate together, danced and enjoyed but Abinader knew that her life inside and outside the â€Å"magic door â€Å"would always clash, she would never be accepted by her peer and felt like an outcast. Abinader went to university of Pittsburgh when she grew up. That had nationality classrooms which represented different cultures. The Syrian-Lebanese room, one she wanted to see was locked and required permission to access. When she finally got into it, the royal furnishing and exoticness of the room made her feel proud. Soon she wrote about her heritage culture but she realized the Americans â€Å"exoticized† her. Focused on her writing, she wrote about her family and their history that was suppressed inside. Her writing was still inside the door.Outside the door she felt unwelcomed. Abinader didn’t give up and continued writing about the issues on identity, culture, etc. She participated in activism as a U.S citizen, marched, protested and created committees. Her writing made her feel like an activist as it conveyed her message more directly.

Which the Design Argument Provides Evidence for the God?

June 2011: Examine the ways in which the design argument provides evidence for the existence God? A famous philosopher Kant commented on the proof of the design argument which shows the existence of God stating â€Å"This proof always deserves to be mentioned with respect. It is the oldest, the clearest and most accordant with the common reason of mankind. This was mentioned in his book the Critique of Pure reason. The argument that I am going to put forward and the proofs I am going to provide is the teleological argument.The word teleological comes from the Greek word telos which means end or purpose and logical which means the study of therefore this is the study of the purpose. The teleological argument is an inductive argument therefore proofs are based on premises which means they are drawn from experience and the conclusion is not logically necessary. Aquinas is a very important philosopher in the design argument. In his famous work â€Å"summa theological† Aquinas had his five ways in which he is most remembered for. In the design argument we are most concerned with the final way which is that God is the divine designer of everything.Here Aquinas suggests that non intelligent material requires an intelligent being behind it to make it beneficial. Aquinas used the example of an arrow and a archer; he stated that for an arrow to reach its destination it must be directed by the archer which is the intelligent being therefore applying this to the universe for us to reach are destination and purpose in the universe there must be a higher intelligent being before us which is directing us. Aquinas stated natural bodies seem to act in a regular way to reach some sort of final purpose; this shows Aquinas using science to back up the views of God in the Bible.Also Aquinas argued for design qua regularity; he saw the overall regularity in the world as proof for a designer God. William Paley another famous philosopher mainly known for his Watch Analogy took Aquinas’s ideas further and formed his own version of the teleological argument. Paley compares the world to a machine and sees it made up of all intricate parts which work together for an end result. He saw all the small adaptations in the nature and for him these were proofs of a designing intelligence.An example of the small intricacies in the nature is the water cycle and how it all works together. The watch serves an analogy which demonstrates purpose and telos. All evidence would show that the watch had been designed for a purpose, design and designed with the necessary regularity to meet its purpose. He said every design requires a designer and that all designs have an end function. Paley claimed that in the same way as the watch and other machine’s the universe was full of small intricacies that could not have come about by chance.Paley used the example of the eye. The way the eye is so complexly designed there is no way it could have all come about by chance moreover science till date is unable to create a replica of the eye. Also Paley was fascinated by the solar system and the rotation of the planets. He saw the evidence of a divine hand at work in the universe. F. R. Tennant a philosopher of the 1930’s elaborated on the teleological arguments with his anthropic principle. This principle basically is saying that the world is revolving around human kind.Tennant believed the best evidence of design could be seen in the way the universe supports intelligent life. An example of this would be how the trees release oxygen which supports us humans to live and without oxygen we wouldn’t be alive. This is an astonishing proof of design and existence of God. Also another example of Tennant’s anthropic principle which shows that the world is designed around us human beings is that the sun is placed in the perfect distance. Tennant developed his anthropic principle to add the aesthetic argument in this Tennant argued against Darwin’s Theory of evolution.He said that the theory of evolution cannot explain why humans have feelings as they are not necessary for survival also natural selection cannot account for the existence for the feelings of appreciation etc. Tennant believed that the capacity for joy was putt in us by our designer which is God. Richard Swinburne accepts the anthropic principle. Swinburne believes that the earth is so finely tuned that there is no other explanation other than a designer God. He believes that science explains how the things in the world are so finely tuned in the world and that the Bible explains why.Swinburne believe that we should understand the existence of scientific laws in terms of a purpose which has been put in place for the. The purpose can be best explained by an omnipotent being. Due to the design argument being an a posteriori argument it strengthens the argument as we can see the complexities with our naked eye. However due to it being inductive meani ng based on experiences people interpret the experiences differently moreover it can negatively be argued that the designer or creator does not have to be God and that the jump to conclusion of god is too big†¦

Abercrombie & Fitch and American Eagle

The article reports that U.S. retail stores have posted only a modest increase in sales of 2.5 per cent for May, which might be a sign that consumers are taking a break from shopping.This figure was 3.3 per cent for January, 4 per cent for February, and 4.8 per cent for March and April combined. High-end retailers (such as Saks, Nordstrom, TJX Companies and Ross Stores) and apparel stores did well, and discount chains (such as Costco, BJ’s Wholesale, Fred and Target) reported the strongest sales growth of any sector with a 5.3 per cent increase.Shops selling teenager clothing (such as Abercrombie & Fitch and American Eagle) suffered a decline. Reasons behind the slowdown are believed to be bad weather at the beginning of the month and the late Memorial Day, since some companies choose to include Memorial Day weekend sales into their June reports.Analysts believe that lackluster sales might be a sign that recoveries come in waves. Stronger growth is expected during the summer m onth, due to pent-up demand and start of the school year.The importance of the article is associated with the fact that retail sales are a good indicator of the pace of economic recovery. Sharp contraction of consumer spending has exacerbated the recent financial downturn, and it took a long time for spending to rebound. Consumer spending is used as an indicator of economy’s health because it is first of all related to consumer expectations and confidence levels.Furthermore, it indicates whether economic resources flow freely among various economic agents: companies need sales revenues to expand their production, which in turn leads to job creations, and decreasing unemployment levels mean that more people have disposable income to spend at stores. Coming back to the issue of consumer confidence, if citizens are optimistic about prospects of the economy, they tend to spend even more, propping up the production-consumption cycle.Works citedHauser, Christine. â€Å"U.S. Retail ers Report Lackluster Sales Gains.† 3 Jun. 2010. New York Times. 5 Jun. 2010. Web.

Occupy Wall Street - Moral & Economic Implications Research Paper

Occupy Wall Street - Moral & Economic Implications - Research Paper Example This is a movement, which came into existence in the year 2011. This movement was founded with the intention of bringing to light some of the issues, which face the modern-day human beings (Walsh, 2011). These are majorly economic conditions, which are exhibited in a society, which is largely capitalistic in nature (Boxer, 2011). It is perceived that the Occupy Wall Street Movement is one, which is of North American descent. However, this is not the case. This movement is one, which has gained popularity to an extent that its presence is now felt in close to 82 countries in the world (Townsend, et al , 2011). In the recent past, the income inequality has been seen to increase. This is majorly due to the experiences associated with stagnated economies and the unequal distribution of wealth. In this case, these impediments significantly undermine the developmental agendas, which some people in the society indeed have. In the 1990s up to the 2000s, there were significant economic inequa lities in the United States. However, these issues were rarely discussed or brought to the attention of policy makers (Gelder, 2011). This was until the inception of the Occupy Wall Street Movement. ... This is with the intention of alleviating the living conditions of some of the individuals in the country (Gitlin, 2012). This is especially in the case of the low-income earners. The movement also aims at bringing relief to those students who suffer from huge amounts of debts that are related to their student loans. These are some of the goals, which this movement aimed at achieving after its inception. There are various ethical considerations which come into perspective for the purpose of supporting the actions of the Occupy Wall Street movement. It is very important to examine each of these and see how they come into play in relation to the activities that are associated with the movement. The first ethical implication in this case is in relation to utilitarian ethics. In this type of ethics, it is highlighted that the best and most appropriate course of action is the one, which will bring happiness on the part of the individuals who are taking this particular course of action. In the application of this type of ethics, the true moral worth is the case of an action taken is prescribed by its outcome. The main focus is on the outcome which will come to be realized. However, there is significant debate with regards to the true consequences of the actions which people will take (Mannion, 2003). In its relation to the happenings associated with the Occupy Wall Street Movement, there is a semblance of happiness and self-gratification on realizing that some of the concerns that were aired out through the movement have come to hit the right ear. This is especially in relation to the case of increased rate of income inequality in the United States over the recent years (Valdes, 2011).

Credit risk management in banking sector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Credit risk management in banking sector - Essay Example Credit risk management appears to have improved during the past decades due to greater reliance on market determined prices. Credit risk today is managed through the creation of an in-house risk management unit. In addition, efficient credit risk valuation methods are being employed today by banks. Banks have also resorted into more advanced methods of credit risk management and quantification such as value at risk, stress testing, credit scoring. According to BIS paper No.33, financial markets are subject to various sources of risk: credit, market, liquidity, operational and legal risks. These risks tend to be more pronounced in the developing world than in developed countries due to a lower level of economic, financial and institutional development. Credit risk tends to be more acute as a result of a lack of highly rated counterparties. Market and liquidity risks are higher due to thinly traded markets (IMF BIS Paper No. 33). Operational risks may also be exacerbated because of inadequate human resources or the failure of manual, mechanical or electronic systems to process payments. Finally, legal risk may also be part of the environment (for instance, due to the inability to foreclose on collateral). The next section discusses credit risk and some of its components and how it can be managed. 1.2 Credit Risk According to the International Monetary Fund Business Paper No. 33, credit risk is the risk that a debt issuer will default is known as credit risk; this is typically the most important form of risk for commercial banks (Shapiro, 2003; Buckley, 1996; Muller and Verschoor, 2005; Solt and Wayne, 2001).Solt & Wayne (2001) argues that, in assessing credit risk, an institution needs to consider three issues: default probabilities over the horizon of the obligation, credit exposure (ie how large the obligation is when the default occurs) and the recovery rate (ie what part of the exposure may be recovered through bankruptcy proceedings or some other form of settlement) (Solt and Wayne, 2001). Credit risk is often difficult to assess due to the lack of information on the credit history and financial position of borrowers, inadequate accounting practices and standards that make it difficult to evaluate credit exposures, macroeconomic volatility and deficiencies in the institutional environment (e.g., political instability) (BIS Paper No.33, 2005). Weak enforcement of creditor rights may also contribute to uncertainty regarding recovery rates. Although many of these factors have been improving in recent years, progress in some cases is slow (Mohanty et al., 2006). Moreno (2006) highlights two key issues related to credit risk that are relevant for emerging market economies (EMEs). First, the distinct increase in the share of credit to the household sector that has been observed in a number of countries could lower credit risk if the concentration of bank assets fell, if consumer credit diversifies risk among a larger number of borrowers. Moreno (2006), further states that, credit risk could rise if banks are lending in new market segments. Second, there is significant credit risk associated with the effects of asset price fluctuations on banking books. One concern in this case is the volatility

Health-related Products Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health-related Products - Case Study Example An increasing score of people is always on the lookout for effective health-related products. Nike iPod sport kit enables the iPod to play any music that motivates the person to perform exercise in accordance with his/her physical condition. It is a perfect device for a health-conscious person who loves listening to music while working out, and who doesn't these days. So far we have been quite successful in following our mission, which is to provide the health-conscious individual with an entertaining exercise experience. Since our product is at the earliest stage of the product life cycle, informing the consumer about the practical benefits of the Nike iPod Sport Kit is critical. Hence, in order to increase the sales of the sport kit, it is mandatory to form a partnership with the gyms, which would hopefully be beneficial for all three companies. 1. As gyms pose the most dangerous threat to the sales of the Nike iPod sport kit, it would be wise to partner with them in order to get decent market publicity. Hence, Nike and Apple would be able to avail the opportunity of selling not only this device but also other products, to gym members and at the gym stores. On the other hand, gyms would also receive numerous benefits from this partnership. Originally unknown gyms partnering with Nike iPod would eventually, be known to be sponsored by Nike and Apple. They would be using these huge brand names in order to attract as many new members as possible. Furthermore, it would also be easier to maneuver the regular costumers of Nike and Apple, to gain memberships at their gyms. 2. There also needs to be a change in the consumers of Nike iPod sport kit. As males are the chief consumers of this product, the aim of this partnership is to convince females into buying this product. Young females of age 22 - 35 years of age are the secondary targets, as they already are members of various gyms. The primary targets are middle or upper class workingwomen, especially those involved in the corporate industry. Use of the product by corporate women would increase its exposure throughout the business industry, resulting in an instant acknowledgement of the innovative technology applied by Nike and Apple Inc. The popularity of this product would also give rise to the sales of other goods manufactured by these companies. A demand for these brand names would further rise in the common market. Advantages of Partnership: For Customers People exercising outside would be able to constantly monitor and regulate their physical state. They can avail the facilities of the gym even when it is not accessible to them for some reason. Holidays or early closing of the gym would not stop people from healthy monitored exercise. High accuracy of the device and its easy operation surpasses the gym equipment in usage. The technology of motivating the user by the choice of songs keeps him running everyday. For the Company The partnership increases exposure of the device to all regular exercisers working out in gyms. The ipod Nano gains further recognition in its quest to maintain its leadership in mp3 players. The best place to explain operation of the device is a gym as it can be practically

Deconstruction of Robert Frost's The Road Not Taken Essay

Deconstruction of Robert Frost's The Road Not Taken - Essay Example The road truly taken is the most popular one, not the road less taken, because people have no autonomy. They cannot choose the road they want, when they grow up living that only one road is acceptable, the masculine road to severe individualism, rationalism, and domination of the American Dream. The masculine speaker pursues the rough road of individualism. Individualism follows the ideals of independence. The speaker of the poem observes the two roads: â€Å"TWO roads diverged in a yellow wood,/And sorry I could not travel both† (Frost 1-2). The word â€Å"I† indicates the individualistic voice, wherein he is sorry that he cannot travel both, which means he will make the decision on his own. He does not consider other people or consequences because he thinks that he can do everything on his own. Moreover, individualism emphasizes individual reflection. The speaker thinks about his decision: â€Å"And be one traveler, long I stood/And looked down one as far as I couldà ¢â‚¬  (Frost 3-4). He stood on his own, and this is not only individualism because he is alone, but because he thinks for his own interests. He looks as far as he can, but he does so using his own thoughts and ideas. He appears to be focused on his own interests only. Furthermore, the speaker sees the undergrowth depicts the masculine-feminine binary. He says: â€Å"To where it bent in the undergrowth† (Frost 5). The undergrowth or bushes stand for women, through symbolizing fertility because of its ability to give life through food, but it is described as â€Å"undergrowth,† inferior to other kinds of plants. The speaker’s individualism leads him to seeing the road in one way, instead of multiple ways. He does not open himself to the possibility that the undergrowth is more than what it appears to be, that it is in its development, or maybe even developed, but undeveloped to the eyes of the dominant group. Individualism takes away people’s ability to se e the strength of numbers, numbers of ideas and analyses. Aside from individualism, the speaker is masculine in that it emphasizes rationalism over emotions. Rationalism indicates finding the best way among all ways. The speaker describes one of the roads: â€Å"Then took the other, as just as fair,/And having perhaps the better claim† (Frost 6-7). The fair one is beautiful, so it is better to be walked on, but he chooses another side. But does he truly take the road less taken? He knows that the fair one is the better claim. It is what he wants to walk on, not the more difficult one. The word â€Å"Perhaps† does not show his reluctance for the easier road; it shows his hesitation for not taking the fairer road. Rationality emphasizes the better choice that gives the most rewards. The speaker depicts the beauty of this road: â€Å"Because it was grassy and wanted wear;/Though as for that the passing there/Had worn them really about the same† (Frost 8-10). The gr ass is inviting; it wants to be worn down. People are passing there, and it is the obvious choice with the least risks. Why would the speaker choose the other one, when people have passed one road and enjoyed it? It is irrational to not follow the road that the majority pursues. It is the best because it is the safest and most popular. Rationality judges this road as the winning road- the popular and convenient road of the American Dream. The rational speaker does not take the road les

Why you have chosen Praire View A&M University for your academic Essay

Why you have chosen Praire View A&M University for your academic endeavors - Essay Example Ever since I can remember, I have had this insatiable desire to take things apart to see how they work. Most of these had to do with electrical and electronic items and more often than not I was recruited to repair things in the home. When I began my search for a university to pursue higher education in my chosen field, I was looking for an institution where I would be encouraged to research new ideas and put my knowledge to use in an atmosphere of creativity and co-operation. My choice was naturally narrowed down to those institutions that had the reputation of producing excellent students in the field of engineering who were given opportunities to enhance their knowledge and skills in industry related environments. It is therefore not surprising that Prairie View was among the top schools on my list. I have for sometime been enthusiastic about developing low cost and easy maintenance electrical/electronic items that can be used in communities that do not enjoy the facilities enjoye d by those in developed nations. I hope that I shall be able to do something towards achieving this goal during my time at university.

Organisational behaviour and development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organisational behaviour and development - Essay Example This leads to new beliefs, assumptions and behaviors. In the last two decades companies have been subject to change in the external environment in which technology plays an important role. This paper will discuss how technology influences the use of language in organizations for the right communication. Language is an important influence on the way social reality is constructed. Language is the external expression of the internal mindsets that define an organization (Butcher & Atkinson, 2001). Language is also strongly associated with power. Language lies at the heart of managerial action. Thus language plays a role in organizational management and organizational change. Schein (n.d.) states that to manage internal integration and internal relationships, common language is a major issue. To function cohesively as a group it is important to understand a common language. Language can comprise of gestures, actions and words which are understood by all. Conflict arises when two parties assume about each without proper communication. Today organizations use different technologies in improving internal integration and communication. These include radio, television, email, chat messages and SMS. Technology definitely influences the language use but does not change everything. Technology influences language even in ways which may not be very obvious. A metaphor â€Å"all guns blazing† is often used in organizations which implies that an action has been performed with energy or aggression (Moore, 2002). Here the technology of weapons has been used to communicate. Both natural languages and technologies are important in performing any type of human activity. Aero planes fly people and cargo around the world and people strive to improve upon this technology for common good. Here again language and technology are used for mutual benefit. The technology of radio communication is used to support the language to transmit

Innovation at Marks & Spencer Food Store Assignment

Innovation at Marks & Spencer Food Store - Assignment Example The company possesses 360 franchised stores, wholly owned and partly owned stores in 42 territories across Middle East, Europe and Asia. At Marks and Spencer, customers shop through stores, phone as well as online. (Reuters, n.d.) According to the predictions of IGD, the size of the value of the online food and grocery stores will get doubled in 2014. It has been forecasted that the annual growth rate of grocery stores will get three times faster than the wider grocery market. With the penetration of internet and rising familiarity with broadband, the value of retail websites and online services will get enhanced. The online world is now increasingly influencing the decisions of shoppers. (IGD, 2009) Types of Innovation Innovation generally lies in the eyes of beholder. What may be innovative for one person cannot be innovative for other. There are many different types of innovations which company opts. The basic structure of innovation revolves around one of the following or all of the following. It includes: Product Under this category, organization usually changes the products or services they offer to their customers. Any modification, alteration, variants etc. come under the head of innovation in product category. Process Under this head, companies usually changes the way they create or deliver their products. This includes value addition. Positioning For positioning innovation, companies changes the context in which the specified products has to be communicated or framed. Paradigm Shift Paradigm shift refers to changing the mental modes of customers by providing other innovative ways of using the products. Paradigm shift usually shifts the perception of customers towards a certain product. (Innovation, 2005) Marks Spencer Food Store Apps Several applications have been developed for smartphone these days. Some of them have become so successful and useful that users consider them as an integral part of their lives. Great deals of applications have been deve loped for facilitating shopping at grocery stores. According to a recent research, Americans spend millions of dollars each day in grocery shopping. Due to such huge market of grocery shoppers, the type of application which needs to be designed must be the one which can facilitate shoppers in shopping for groceries. The type of innovation which has been selected comes under the head of â€Å"Process†. Innovation in Apps for Marks and Spencer Food Store Apps, which are to be designed for Marks and Spencer Food Store possess some innovative features which would help the shoppers in making it convenient to shop for groceries. The innovative features of apps include: By using this App, one can save money at grocery store; humans spend a great amount of money in the products related to food. This often affects the budget. Spending hundreds or thousands of dollars on food items raises the concern of budget. Without having a shopping lists, one can be prone to buying on impulse whic h leads to buying unnecessary stuff as well. By this app, shoppers can prepare a list of items along with their prices and can select accordingly. Buying local food; this feature will help in buying fruits and vegetables from local farmers which will not only reduce cost but will also be good for health. (Gamm, 2010) Coupons offered; by using this app, customers would need not to clip coupons from newspapers. Instead, a feature of this app would help in providing coupons available on some

IP Addresses Classes and Special-Use IP Address Space Essay Example for Free

IP Addresses Classes and Special-Use IP Address Space Essay IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority) assigned Internet Protocol Address to the vendors. Internet Protocol version four divided by five structure classes. The five structure classes are A, B, C, D, and E classes. What are the historical signification for classes A, B, and C? What are the address spaces for each class? What are RFC 1918 Internet Protocol address ranges and its special use? The first three classes (A, B, C) are mainly for public use, and the last two classes (D and E) are for experimental and reserved for multicast. The first octet in the Internet Protocol Address determines its structure class. Class A addresses are ranges from one to one hundred and twenty-six in the first octet. Class B addresses are ranges from one hundred twenty-eight to one hundred and ninety-one in the first octet. Class C addresses are ranges from one hundred and ninety-two to two hundred and twenty-three in the first octet. Class D addresses are ranges from two hundreds and twenty-four to two hundred and thirty-nine in the first octet. Finally, class D addresses are ranges from two hundred and forty to two hundred and fifty in the first octet. Class A Internet Protocol addresses are reversed for a few large organizations. The network identifiers in class A are the remaining seven bits of the first octet. Class A addresses are available up to sixteen millions host addresses. Class B addresses are for medium sized enterprise. The first two octets (16 bits) in class B Internet Protocol addresses are for network addresses. The last two octets (16 bits) in class B are for the host addresses. Class B addresses has more than 65,000 networks. Class C Internet Protocol addresses are commonly found networks in the internet. Class C Internet Protocol are private addresses. The first three octets (twenty-one bits) in class C addresses are for network addresses. The last octets (eight bits) in Class C address are for host identifiers. There are more than sixteen millions network addresses in Class C Internet Protocol. Class D Internet Protocol addresses are for multicasting and is not for general use. Class D addresses are not used for public.

Nursing Knowledge through the Nursing Process Essay Example for Free

Nursing Knowledge through the Nursing Process Essay â€Å"The assessment phase of the nursing process is foundational for appropriate diagnosis, planning and , (Ackley Ladwig, 2014, p3). This beginning phase of the nursing process is important for many reasons. Not only are we meeting our patients for the first time but we collect but object and subjective data to put together and create a picture of our patient. The nurse makes an assessment of the patient, utilizing all the information that is gathered and can better understand their needs. Each nurse, through time and practice, fine tunes these assessment tools needed to go even further into a patients needs such as the holistic approach of mind, body and spirit. Assessment information gathering is done by looking at the patient’s chart, discussing with the patient about their history, and even through communication with the family members. The subjective date we can gather from the patient and family can help us understand how they are feeling or thinking. A thorough health and medical history are important so that we can implement the best care designed specifically for that patient. The physical assessment is also important; this gives us objective information regarding the patient’s current vitals signs, physical head to toe and any diagnostic’s previously done or that need to be completed. The information that gathered in this phase helps create the next phase which is formulating a nursing diagnosis. Diagnosis Phase â€Å"In the diagnosis phase of the nursing process, the nurse begins clustering the information within the client story and formulating and formulates an evaluative judgment about a client’s health , (Ackley Ladwig, 2014, p3). After a nurse gathers all the subjective and objective information about the patient alone with using their knowledge, we formulate a diagnosis using â€Å"NANDA, â€Å"North American Nursing Diagnosis Association. There is a list of  nursing diagnosis related to primary clinical issues and may or may not have secondary issues too. The patient may also have many different diagnosis’ that need to treat as well, so the gathering information phase prior to the diagnosis phase is paramount. â€Å" A working nursing diagnosis may have two or three parts. The two-part system consists of a nursing diagnosis and the ‘related to’ (r/t) statement†¦. â€Å"The three-part system consists of a nursing diagnosis. The ‘related to’ (r/t) statement and the designing characteristics, which are observable cues/inferences that cluster as manifestations of actual or wellness nursing diagnosis† (Ackley Ludwig, 2014, p4). This three-part system helps the nurse understand the primary diagnosis and the symptoms involved and what those symptoms may be related to. Creating a nursing diagnosis takes into consideration all data collected, other health issues (chronic or acute), symptoms that need to be treated and taking it all in with a holistic approach as a nurse. The Outcomes / Planning Phase According to King (1997), In this phase the nurse is able to use the prior steps of the nursing process and build off of it for the Outcome/Planning phase. The nurse formulates a course of action based on the her assessment and nursing diagnosis. The nurse uses her critical thinking abilities to prioritize and develops specific nursing interventions and documents her plan accordingly. Implementation Phase The implementation phase of the nursing process is the stage where the nurse can put her nursing assessment to action. The Nurse Intervention Classification or NIC, is a system that defines nursing interventions and clusters them into families of therapies and treatments that gear toward a specific problem. According to Forbes, Nursing requires robust clinical research to show that its interventions do not harm and have a beneficial effect. In this vital stage of the nursing process, there is a certain level of knowledge needed effectively to accomplish a positive outcome for the patient. At this point, a substantial amount of scientific knowledge is also needed so to understand how the interventions that are chosen, will impact the outcome for the patient. (Forbes, 2009) The knowledge needed at this point are as follows: †¢Nurse must be able to understanding the medical knowledge of the diagnosis and how it impacts the patients physical and psychosocial functions †¢Nurse must be able to determine if the intervention will produce the desired outcome for the patient based on scientific research. †¢Nurse must know what equipment or resources needed for the chosen intervention †¢Nurse must know the patients current status , to be sure the intervention is still relevant †¢Nurse must be aware of patients spiritual and culture needs that may potentially hinder the interventions outcome. †¢Nurse must know what evidence will determine the effectiveness of the intervention Evaluation Phase The nursing knowledge is needed and describes the scientific basis of nursing knowledge. Evaluation is defined as the judgment of the effectiveness of nursing care to meet the patient’s goals. According to King (1997), in this step of the nursing process the nurse compares the patient’s behavioral responses with predetermined patients goals and outcome criteria. Evaluation is the final step in the nursing process. Although evaluation is the final step in the nursing process, it has concurrently run throughout all phases of the nursing process. The nursing knowledge that is needed in the Evaluation step of the nursing process in: Nurses must be able to identify criteria and standards. Nurses must be able to evaluate collected data. Nurses must be able to interpret and synthesise data. Nurses must be able to document findings and identify when goals are met, or when to revise, update, change or complete the care plan. References (2014). In B. J. Ackley, G. B. Ladwig, Nursing Diagnosis Handbook: An Evidence-Based Guide to Planning Care, Tenth Edition. Missouri: Mosby. Forbes, A. (2009). Clinical Intervention Research in Nursing . International Journal of Nursing Studies, pg 557-568. King JA, Morris LL, Fitz-Gibbon CT. How to Assess Program Implementation

Paternalism To Tell Or Not To Tell Nursing Essay

Paternalism To Tell Or Not To Tell Nursing Essay Mr. White is a 70 year old male patient who has been pretty healthy throughout his whole life besides some issues with pneumonia in the past few years. He was driving along the road last Monday where he hit a patch of black ice, swerved off the road, and crashed into a tree. He lost consciousness and suffered minor abrasions to his arms, legs, and face. When he regained consciousness, he stated he felt very cold, numb, and fatigued as several paramedics hovered over him placing a collar around his neck and a spinal board underneath him. He was very confused and was told to not move as they oriented him to person, place, and time. He was taken to the emergency room where he was placed him on oxygen via face mask and D5 Â ½ normal saline 100ml/hr. He was transferred to the ICU after lung complications and a tracheotomy was inserted to open his airway and allow for oxygen exchange. Each day his family has been at the hospital supporting him and praying he will recover from this severe accident. The nurse caring for him was reviewing his medical records and saw that he is a do not resuscitate patient and that he does not want to receive any life sustaining treatments that will prolong his life. The patient has been awake, alert, and oriented and confirmed competent two days ago, which enables him to make decisions for himself. His daughter, Mrs. Black, told the nurse that she doesnt know what she would do without her dad because he is the rock that holds their family together. The rest of the family replied that these are his wishes and we will have to accept what he has requested, even though it saddens us to think we may lose him soon. During a routine test a few days ago the physician noticed that his labs were not within normal limit and ordered stat tests to determine the problem. The chest x-ray ordered confirmed he had pneumonia, but also revealed he was suffering from metastatic lung cancer. The physician informed the nurse of the cancer and stated that Mr. White is still very weak and fighting for his life. We will inform him and his family when he is more stable and able to be strong enough to take the news. Identify the Problem The nurse is informed of the confirmation that the patient indeed is suffering from cancer secondary to his car accident and pneumonia. Does she advocate for the patients right to autonomy in delivering the news to him and his family or does she follow the doctors orders and withhold the news since the physician believes that telling him will only worsen his condition and result in a loss of hope for all involved? The nurse believes that withholding information is going against the patients rights to make his own decisions. The nurse wants to do what is best for the patient and believes that keeping this information from the patient is being dishonest and is not what any practical nurse would do in this situation. However, she is unsure of the best approach in addressing the issue. Gather Relevant Facts A sound doctor-patient relationship is an essential component when carrying out decisions based on a patients care for treatment. Studies have shown a correlation between the quality (communication) of physician-patient relationship and better (healthcare) outcomes (Stewart, 1995). The doctor and the patient need to have a strong relationship with the patient that includes sound communication, fidelity, knowledge based learning, beneficence, and Nonmaleficence. There are four different styles to a doctor-patient relationship which include consumeristic, default, paternalistic, and mutuality relationships. The mutualistic approach is considered the optimal relationship to have when both the patient and the doctor bring both of their ideas and resources to the table and make a commitment to work with one another to solve disagreements in a respectful way. Paternalism involves physician focused care because the decision is based on what the physician believes is best for the patient and not necessarily what the patient wants. In the scenario, the physician believed that it would be in Mr. Whites best interest to hold off telling him the news of his cancer until he was healthier and stronger, but this might not have been what Mr. White would have decided (Roter and Hall, 2006). At the beginning of the 1960s, medical procedures were beginning to address the ethical issues with paternalism by a patients right to autonomy and informed consent. Issues with paternalism began to arise due to an increase in consumerism, the womens movement, and laws passed that allowed for the rights of patients in their health care. The patients wanted to be more involved in their care in knowing about their health, quality of life, survival, and mortality rates of their condition. As a result, a physicians violation in duty to the patient caused an increase in lawsuits. Healthcare workers began to be faced with a difficult decision in determining what pertinent information the patient needed to know about their condition (Wear, 1993; Charles, Whelan, Gafni, 1999). Legal and more paternalism were in conflict from the example used with Mr. White. Legal paternalism base decisions around following laws and regulations created by federal, state, or local level while moral paternalism base decisions using ethical principles. The physician was going against legal paternalism because truth-telling is now considered a legal matter and the competent patient is to be informed of all matters related to their health, except if the patient is deemed incompetent. The physician was trying to practice moral paternalism because he believed that withholding the information from the Mr. White was beneficial in a sense that he would not be strong enough to handle the news of his cancer and cause his condition to worsen or not improve (McCarthy and Schafermeyer, 2004). The debate today about paternalism is whether it is acceptable for doctors to make choices about patients treatments in their health care when they may believe that the patient may possibly refuse the decision if they were correctly informed. Is it justifiable for doctors to go about the treatment since they feel the long term benefits to the patient would be provided and at some point the patient would concur that the actions of the doctor were suitable? Certain situations makes it challenging to know exactly what is best for the patient, and it is hard to know when a physician is carrying out an intervention that is in the patients best interest or their own interest. Mills is a strong believer of autonomy and fights for patients rights. He believes that each individual has the ability to identify what makes them happy and that independent exercise of aspirations is a large part of their happiness. Kant also supports patients rights and believes that every human has a responsibilit y to communicate their autonomy. (McKinstry, 1992). The Patient Bills of Rights of 1973 included the physicians responsibility to inform the patient on all matters related to their condition enabling the patient to make decisions based on this knowledge. The Bill was carried out to decrease the occurrence of malpractice by reducing the dissatisfaction of patients that meet the criteria for more liability from their providers (Faden and Beauchamp, 1986). The law entails that medical information presented to the patient be in plain language that can be voluntarily comprehended and adequate in quantity. A doctor who is unsuccessful in attaining informed consent may suffer criminal offense charges. In 1998, the Consumer Bill of Rights and Responsibility Act was carried out by President Clinton to help consumers get involved in their own health care by increasing consumer confidence in the health care system, to give support in identifying the reasoning for a sound healthcare provider and a sound provider-patient relationship, and to help the consumer realize the important role they carry related to their rights and responsibilities of their heath care and recovery. The guidelines included several rights of the patient to create the best quality health outcome. (Shalala,1999). Patients are competent to give informed consent unless examined and evaluated to have mental deficits and incapacity. Informed consent must follow several steps in order to be valid which includes informing the patient on the diagnosis, the suggested intervention, major benefits, risks, the consequences or prognosis if an intervention is not carried out, and any significant options along with their risks and benefits. Informed consent will need to hold true and be carried out in all cases except when the patient is susceptible to serious harm or death if the intervention is not carried out immediately, the patient voluntarily gives up their right, and if disclosure would cause serious physical or psychological harm to the patient or another person (Wear, 1993). At UPMC hospitals such as Magee and Presbyterian hospitals patients have certain rights and responsibilities that they are given such as the right to respected and quality care from staff, the right for information in medical records to be kept confidential, the right to pain control and management, the right to know diagnosis, prevention, and treatment options and alternatives given in simple language, the right to informed consent before any procedures, the right to refuse any medications, treatments, procedures, and several more . This allows the patient to decide what information they would want to know and to carry out care based on their wishes (UPMC, 2010). Identify Methods of Ethical Justification A person who practices consequentialism believes that a morally right act is one that produces a good outcome. The doctor was practicing a consequentialitic approach in that he believed that not telling the patient that he had cancer until he was stronger would cause a better outcome for the patient in the long run. He believed that Mr. White would give up all hope and stop fighting to survive if he was informed of the news. In deontological theory, an act is right or wrong based on fulfilling a moral duty and cannot be justified by their effects. Even though the physician was trying to do the right thing by not telling the patient that he had cancer because he believed that this would help save his life, the act was against the rules and duty of the physician to inform the patient on information related to his health (Gert et al., 1997). Several principles come into play in the scenario such as beneficence, nonmaleficence, fidelity, and autonomy. The nurse will have to advocate for the patient that keeping this information from him and is family is not doing good. It may in fact cause more harm to the patient since he is unaware of his cancer. The patient may be able to determine treatments that could delay the spread of cancer, which could allow him more time to spend with his family. The competent patient has the right to autonomy in deciding what information he would want to know about his health and the doctor should not be the one to make this decision. The physician is keeping essential information from Mr. White that may result in a break in their commitment and destroy the patients trust in his healthcare provider (Cassells and Gaul, 1998). Clarify Relevant Values, Rights, Duties, of Patient, Self, and Significant Persons The patient has the right to informed consent if he is seen as competent to make decisions based on his healthcare. It is the physicians duty as well as the nurse to respect the patient and inform him of all matters concerning his healthcare and making sure the patient demonstrates understanding. If Mr. White was deemed incompetent he may have appointed a family member as a substituted surrogate decision maker to make decisions in his health care based on the patients values, beliefs, and wishes. If Mr. White did not appoint someone to be a surrogate then the best interest principle would come to play and decisions on the patients healthcare would be determined by what is the best interest for any reasonable patient in this situation. The family will need explanations on the patients status and what the future will look like for him. The family may be the ones taking care of him and they will need sound education on how to care for the patient. Identify If There Is an Ethical Dilemma The nurse faces an ethical dilemma because the alternatives are between two equally insufficient solutions which display incompatible testimonies. Does the nurse take away the patients right to autonomy in keeping Mr. Whites new diagnoses of lung cancer from the him because the physician believed it was in the his best interest or should the nurse take the issue to higher authority to advocate and make every effort to protect the health, safety, and rights of the patient (Cassells and Gaul, 1998). Identify Guidelines from Nursing and Professional Codes of Ethics The American Nurses Association code of ethics for nurses was created to help guide nurses behavior when an ethical dilemma would occur. The requirements in the code advocate the nurses commitment to their patients autonomy, while still keeping in the safety of the patient (American Nurses Association, 2001). Provision 1 states that the nurse needs to practice with compassion and respect each patient regardless of their beliefs, ethnicity, class, age, etc. The patient was a 70 year old African American who was a practicing Southern Baptist and retired bus driver. The Caucasian, Catholic nurse had to make sure she didnt treat Mr. White differently because of his skin color, the religion he practiced, or his age (American Nurses Association, 2001). Provision 2 states that the nurses devotion is to the patient and anyone associated with the patient such as family and friends. The nurse has the ability to advocate for the patient in communicating their wishes to the doctor in carrying out treatment pertaining to his care. The nurse will need to communicate with the patient and determine what information the patient will want specific friends and family to know. The nurse with her high level of skill and knowledge can help educate his family on his condition and care (American Nurses Association, 2001). Provision 3 states the nurse will need to do all she can to protect the patient from any harm or unsafe events. The nurse would make sure the patients requests were followed through while maintaining his safety, health, and prevention from any harm. If she believed that the patient was not well informed of his disease and all treatment plans possible to help delay the progression of the disease, then she would need to address this issue (American Nurses Association, 2001). Identify and Use Relevant Interdisciplinary Resources First, the nurse should go to the doctor and see if they can work something out to determine the patients rights. If the doctor doesnt agree with the nurse then the nurse should then talk to the nurse supervisor and move up the latter until the highest person is able to confront the issue. If this does not work, the nurse can also get in touch with the people who deal with ethical concerns/ dilemmas. The nurse can also talk to lawyers and get legal matters in place for the patients rights to informed consent to be granted. The nurse can also get a psychiatrist involved who would speak on behalf of the patient to confirm that the patient is competent. The nurse may want to get social workers and counselors to help the patient and family finds ways to cope with grief and also determine the best care for the patients prognosis of his such as a skilled facility, home health, or hospice care. Identify and Prioritize Alternative Actions/Options The nurse can speak directly to the patient and his family about the information that has been withheld. This should not be carried out since this is not solving the conflict between the nurse and the physician and it is going behind the physicians back. The nurse can make the decision of not informing the patient or family of the news. She could convince herself that the doctor knows what is best for the patient and bringing up the issue would only cause chaos. This is also going against the code of ethics of a nurse in her lack of being a patient advocate (ANA, 2001). The nurse could talk with the physician about the issue she has with the patients right to autonomy and try to work out their differences. Communication is essential for the nurse and the physician to have a sound relationship and work together to resolve issues. If the doctor believes this is something Mr. White does not need to know right now, then the nurse will have to take the issue to higher authority which was addressed above (nurse supervisor, the ethics committee, social workers, court system and reference hospital policy, legal, and ethical principles on the matter). The nurse can be there for moral support and help build a trusting relationship with the Mr. White when told of the new diagnosis of cancer and the betrayal from his doctor. The patient may feel hurt, confused, angry, and may have lost trust in the health care providers. The nurse can also talk to the family about the matter as well and offer all the alternative treatments that can be carried out to help the patient decide what is best for Mr. White. This can be carried out but only after the patients rights are addressed. Select a Morally Justified Action/Option from Alternatives Identified The nurse will have to make a decision as to what she feels any reasonable nurse would do in this situation and carry out the patients wishes accordingly. She will need to advocate for his rights in decision making and converse with the physician. If this doesnt get resolved then take it to higher authority. The nurse needs to address the patients wishes and needs and then the families. If Mr. White determines that he does not want to carry out any treatments, then his wishes need to be addressed. If he decides he wants to start treatments immediately for his cancer, then these wishes would need to be followed through. The nurse talked with the physician about the issue, but the problem was never resolved. As a result, nurse took the matter into her own hands and talked with the nurse supervisor who confronted her boss and the case was then taken to court. The judge along with the help of the jury determined the patient must know all information related to his health care and he was properly informed of his cancer. Mr. White understood that his cancer was terminal and that he decided that he only wanted palliative means of care. He wanted to remain comfortable and spend the rest of his time with the people he loved dearly. The family agreed on his decision because they knew this was what he wanted. He was able to make decisions based on his care and was content at being in control one thing in his life. He was given quality care by his nurse and he remained comfortable throughout his illness. Mr. White passed away peacefully 3 months later at home surrounded by his family.

banks :: essays research papers

If much of contemporary literary theory emphasizes the cultural production of class, race, and gender in American fiction, contemporary fiction that utilizes the resources of narrative minimalism to explore issues of cultural division - fiction by such writers as Raymond Carver, Toni Morrison, Susan Minot, and Russell Banks - increasingly provides the context for critical debate. The refusal to elaborate plot or to use plot to suggest a narrator who controls interpretation, becomes itself a strategy that allows the reader to observe clearly the boundaries between the story's minimal plot and the way the socially produced narratives invoked by the story enforce cultural division. If we conceive of narrative as the establishment, for the reader, of a network of expectations within a frame of contingency, then perhaps no expectation is more fundamental than that of intelligible action@ the progression of story through chronological time, which we commonly refer to as plot. In a world w here the possibilities of plot express unattainable desires on the part of a narrative's characters, however, the reader's desire for a resolution of plot into meaning is thwarted, and the resultant anxiety the reader feels underscores his or her complicity with the frustrations and incoherencies of the characters, lives. These incoherencies resist sentimental assimilation into the reader's aesthetic imagination. The resultant daydreams and wish-fulfilling fantasies display, as Fredric Jameson argues, the otherwise inconceivable link between history and desire (182). Russell Banks's Black Man and White Woman in Dark Green Rowboat" presents precisely such an evasive narrative, one whose very evasion establishes a dialogic relationship between the reader and a cast of characters whose lives display the wreckage of the larger cultural narratives that marginalize them. In effect, Banks's minimalism accentuates the missing cultural narratives that have written the characters into th e margins. "Black Man and White Woman" does, of course, present things that happen. The story opens with an apparently random variety of people who live in a trailerpark commencing their days. The reader is not immediately aware that the black man and the white woman are the focus of the story. They gradually emerge from the narrative background, and the story follows them as they row onto the lake, converse laconically, and row home. The sense of nothing happening is created in the context of their desire, both their physical desire for each other and their desire to construct plots that might provide a meaningful structure to their lives.

A Place In Different Seasons Essay -- essays research papers

The place to be described is totally imaginary, although it may bear some resemblance to a childhood memory of yours. The house and surrounding fields and mountains (for it is these I will endeavour to describe in different seasons) are so exquisitely picturesque: The long, wide, oak slatted cabin with the rolling fields stretching far into the distance, and beyond. Behind the house (as I like to call it) is an expanse of some three hundred or so yards before abruptly halting to make way for a stream. The stream is like one time itself forgot, like the one you would expect to find fairies sitting by. Beyond that the vast mountain range, ominous against a clear blue sky and casting definite shadows across the house and fields. The snow-capped peaks are those that I have climbed many a time; and they always seem to be different in contour or shape. There is a beautiful horse chestnut tree just two fields away from the house, and countless others dotted around near it; ash, beech, oak, the list goes on and on. It’s wonderfully peaceful up here, no one to disturb you. In autumn the landscape changes so much, almost too much. The leaves fall off the great oak, and it looks so miserable and bare; I have often thought of wrapping it up in a blanket. The horse chestnut is yielding fruit (if you can call it that). There is nothing I like more than sitting in front of the log fire and roasting horse chestnuts; marvellous. The fields, once, not long ago were teeming with poppies and f... A Place In Different Seasons Essay -- essays research papers The place to be described is totally imaginary, although it may bear some resemblance to a childhood memory of yours. The house and surrounding fields and mountains (for it is these I will endeavour to describe in different seasons) are so exquisitely picturesque: The long, wide, oak slatted cabin with the rolling fields stretching far into the distance, and beyond. Behind the house (as I like to call it) is an expanse of some three hundred or so yards before abruptly halting to make way for a stream. The stream is like one time itself forgot, like the one you would expect to find fairies sitting by. Beyond that the vast mountain range, ominous against a clear blue sky and casting definite shadows across the house and fields. The snow-capped peaks are those that I have climbed many a time; and they always seem to be different in contour or shape. There is a beautiful horse chestnut tree just two fields away from the house, and countless others dotted around near it; ash, beech, oak, the list goes on and on. It’s wonderfully peaceful up here, no one to disturb you. In autumn the landscape changes so much, almost too much. The leaves fall off the great oak, and it looks so miserable and bare; I have often thought of wrapping it up in a blanket. The horse chestnut is yielding fruit (if you can call it that). There is nothing I like more than sitting in front of the log fire and roasting horse chestnuts; marvellous. The fields, once, not long ago were teeming with poppies and f...

Essay --

Throughout history the human race has sought forms of entertainment. Whether it be in the form of a simple game, a grandiose tournament or a simple play production, we have always sought to entertain ourselves. In recent years as the film industry has continued to grow and evolve a new genre has emerged the mainstream popular culture. One big idea changed the course of a genre and an entire Industry. That would be comic book movies. The first moderately successful Marvel film was X-Men, this was the first time that the superhero genre made a successful transition from the comic book to the silver screen. It was a movie that was enjoyable not only just for fans but for non-fans of the comics as well. X-Men was released in 2000, the budget for the film was $75 million, which is incredibly lowed compared to the average movie budget which is between $120-200 million these days. The Box office total for the film was $296,339,527, which back in 2000 would have been a rather respectable box office take. Something to keep in mind about this movie is that the computer generated special effects that are so common in movies today, were rather under developed, which would lend to the smaller budget as well as the more practical effects that are featured in the movie. This is also why the film feels rather bland when one goes back and watches it now, there was a lot of walking and talking in this film, not much action. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Men_film http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Marvel_Comics_movies Prior to the X-Men movies though there had been three other Marvel movies that had been released, however all three could be deemed failures. The three films were the 1989 The Punisher, which was actually released directly... ... the Guardians of the Galaxy in August, and the Avengers 2 in 2015, followed by Ant-Man. Marvel has also made a deal with Netflix to create four shows based off their characters to be released in 2015, starting with Daredevil, which is a major slap in the face to 20th century Fox who previously owned the rights and I love it. The awesome part is that these shows will take place in the established Marvel Cinematic Universe, then the four characters are going to come together into a mini series called the defenders which is comparable to the avengers. This just goes to show how this idea of the shared universe has spread beyond just the cinema now, but to television as well, and not only just television but online movie streaming. These shows will never actually be released on television, but purely on Netflix. Which will be a massive boost for Netflix and for marvel.

Portraying A Scene from Hamlet Essay

Hamlet the melancholy tale of the Prince of Denmark has some of the most difficult characters to portray on stage. Caught in the machinations of a scheming Claudius and a betraying mother, the dilemmas of Hamlet’s character are the result of his reflective nature rendering him susceptible to shifting moods (Shakespeare, 1982). Thus he may appear indecisive at times while rash and impulsive at others. Yet the key driver of the plot is the intrigues of Claudius the main antagonist who has acquired the throne of Denmark after death of his elder brother. Claudius has another lust that for Gertrude, Hamlet’s mother and very shrewdly exploits her weak character. The scheming of Claudius is central to this theme and Act I, Scene II is most elucidative in this respect. The Scene will connect with Act I, Scene I, where Hamlet’s friends have seen the ghost of his father looming in the darkness. Thus the lighting will have to denote a dark background initially increasing gradually as Claudius makes his entry into the court. Claudius is to be shown in a garrulous mood, indicating his triumph of claiming the throne as well as the hand of the Queen, Gertrude. His dress, demeanor and outlook will be positive and endearing to the audience. Gertrude on the other hand though dressed in regal clothes will denote a melancholy strain in her overall attire, voice and will be shown seeking reassurance in Claudius. Hamlet is still in mourning and his mood will be reflected in the dress to make it very obvious to the audience. The speech by Claudius to the courtiers will connect him with the audience. Thus all lights will have to be focused on him sitting on the throne which will be raised on a pedestal. Gertrude sitting beside him will be at a lower level and a third level will be made for Hamlet. The courtiers will be seated on each side in two to three rows leaving the central space for entry and exit. As Claudius explains to the courtiers the background of his decision to be crowned and marriage to Gertrude, the stage will be brightly lit and lights will on him and Gertrude, shifting focus based on emphasis of his speech. A huge pictorial of the kingdom of Denmark will be in the background, which will be computer simulated towards which the King will gesticulate while explaining his rationale of saving the country. Appropriate lighting from the rear will denote gloom as Claudius explains his reason and brightness after his ascending the throne. Hamlet will enter late in the Scene, slouching to his seat making his mood absolutely evident to the King as well as his mother. This will also set the stage for Claudius’s dialogue explaining his position. His proposal for celebrations and the King’s Rouse will be denoted through background sounds of festivity. As the King and Queen leave the stage, the lighting will be subtly subdued to represent the gloom in Hamlet’s mind. Against this low lights and sounds of celebrations in distance, the sorrow pervading Hamlet’s mind can be effectively portrayed. As Horatio enters, slowly Hamlet will return to reality and prospects of meeting his father’s soul will drive away his gloom. Here again the effects of lighting and sound will be used to accentuate the variation in disposition brought about after Horatio’s declaration of having seen the ghost. As Horatio explains this on the side wings, movement of a ghost will be shown with Hamlet attempting to contact it, thereby showing his attachment to his father’s spirit as well as a sign of hope. At this time the stage will be fully lit while the sound of celebrations in the distance will also increase to indicate that now Hamlet was also full of hope. Coming after this is Scene III which introduces, Hamlet’s love Ophelia. This is ideally situated by Shakespeare, creating anxiety in the audience and increasing hope in Hamlet before the play moves on to Scene IV where Hamlet actually goes in search of the spirit with Horatio. The impatience of the scheming Claudius, the failings of Gertrude and the dilemma of Hamlet in Act I Scene II, sets the stage for unfolding of the plot ahead. The portrayal has to denote transformation from the dark moments of the ghost of King Hamlet in Act I Scene I and the cheery atmosphere portrayed by Claudius leading to the King’s Rouse. To a modern audience, witness to breakdown of the institution of marriage, Claudius’s wedding to Gertrude so soon after the death of her previous husband may not appear as incredulous as it had been to the courtiers of Denmark. However still the depiction will have to be provided necessary back up through background sound, lights and skillful use of backdrop. Reference: 1. Shakespeare, William. (1982). Four Great Tragedies. Revised Edition. New York: Signet Classics.

Advantages ND Disadvantages of Strategic Planning

By far the most common model of how strategies are developed in organisations is based on the notion that strategies are systematically and formally planned following a set of relatively rigid steps and procedures. Some refer to this notion of strategy development as a ‘design' view of strategy. Most text books and courses on strategic management and planning have adopted and promoted the design view of strategy. There are a number of claimed advantages of developing strategies through highly structured and formal planning systems and steps in an organisation. The main advantages are as follows: First, formalised planning provides what many would term a logical and certainly a structured means of analysis and thinking about complex strategic problems. There is no doubt that strategy development is complex and formal planning systems attempt to help resolve and deal with this complexity by following a series of distinct steps and stages which the manager can follow in this complex area. Â · Secondly, it is argued that formal planning systems force managers to take a longer term view of strategic options and directions than would otherwise have been the case. In particular, the stages of environmental and competitor analysis which form a key part of most formalised corporate planning systems encompass planning horizons of three years at the minimum, and in some cases up to 20 years. Â · Formal planning systems also tend to facilitate the process of control and evaluation. So, for example, because objectives in formal planning systems are required to be specified and because strategic direction is determined in advance, the measurement of performance against these is facilitated. Another claimed advantage is that co-ordination between different functions and managers throughout the organisation can be increased with formal planning systems. This is because very often a formal planning system will require the different functions/managers to work together towards the achievement of corporate objectives in a manner specified in the corporate plan. Â · Finally, formal planning is claimed to help to motivate individuals towards the achievemen t of strategic objectives particularly where they are nvolved in the planning process and feel, therefore, that they have some degree of ownership and commitment to the process. On the other hand there can be disadvantages to formal planning as follows: Â · Firstly, formal planning can mean that strategies may not adequately reflect the people and cultural elements of the organisation. Individual managers may feel absolved from any strategic planning responsibilities, these being left to the specialist strategic planners. As a result, line managers may not feel they ‘own’ strategic plans. Formal strategic planning can also sometimes be restrictive and inflexible, particularly where the environment is changing rapidly. This may result in lost opportunities and a gradual loss of strategic fit. Â · Formal strategic planning can become very cumbersome and over-detailed requiring large amounts of analysis and information, often resulting in information overload. Â · Finally formal strategic planning can become a substitute for in that it can become an activity in its own right divorced from the actual activities and plans of the organisation. We can see that formalised strategic planning has both advantages and disadvantages. Although the design model of strategy development is still the most prevalent model in text books and most organisations, it is increasingly recognised that, particularly because of an increasingly dynamic and unpredictable environment, highly formalised and structured approaches to developing strategic plans are becoming less appropriate and effective. Planning systems now need to be more ideas-based and flexible with less formalisation and adherence to strict procedures and steps. In addition, and related to this, is the increasing emergence of strategies from various levels of the organisation rather than the top-down approach to strategic planning which tends to accompany the highly formalised and structured approaches. Probably the best approach is to have some structure to the planning process whilst remaining flexible, and above all not allowing the strategic planning process to become an end in itself.

Narcissism and Generation Essay

My generation, also known as Generation Y, is defined as a technology based generation. We have grown up surrounded with all sorts of technologies that make our lives easier. In some ways this has been beneficial to us. It has enabled us to get information about something at the touch of a button or keep us from getting sick. In other ways it has caused us to grow up lazy and wanting to do the least amount of work as possible. Many adults believe that Generation Y feels entitled to certain privileges and that most luxuries are necessities. According to Jean Twenge, author of Generation Me: Why Today’s Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled — and More Miserable Than Ever Before, â€Å"Teens feel entitled and are coddled, disrespectful, narcissistic and impatient†. I agree with this because many people my age are very self-centered. see more:does technology make us lazy The main thing that defines Generation Y is our technology based upbringing. We have grown up with televisions , microwaves, dishwashers, and other gadgets that entertain us or make our lives easier. We are so consumed with technology that issues such as â€Å"nomophbia† or â€Å"no mobile-phone phobia,† (Vicky Kung, CNN) and other psychological problems have recently been discovered when Generation Y was separated from technology. As one of the examples of excess attachment to technology, researcher, Michael Carr-Gregg, stated that â€Å"Many of my clients go to bed with their mobile phones while sleeping just like how one will have the teddy bear in the old days.† This just goes to show how attached Generation Y is to technology. There are two main characteristics that Generation Y have: they are feelings of entitlement and the belief that luxuries are necessities. We believe that having a television, hair dryer, coffee maker and other such amenities are necessities when staying in a hotel, while our parents consider them luxuries. This is because we have never been without these utilities and have grown up in homes that use them every day. The other characteristic that Generation Y has is that we feel entitlement to certain privileges due to the fact that technology has made life easier for us and we haven’t had to work as hard for the things that we want compared to our parents. Generation Y thinks that because we know more about the current day and age (basically technology) that we should be entitled to greater or equal benefits to that of our superiors. As far as â€Å"fitting into the mold† I believe that in certain aspects I do fit into Generation Y and in others I do not. I fit into Generation Y when it comes to technology and being â€Å"tech savvy†. I understand how many computers and other such technological appliances work because I have grown up around them. I don’t â€Å"fit the mold† when it comes to the psychological issues of technology such as nomophobia. I have never been super attached to a phone or other technology based appliance. One thing that has helped me not become so attached is that I don’t have internet on my phone. This helps because I interact more with people and I don’t have the temptation to check my Facebook all the time. I don’t fit the mold with the feelings of entitlement because my parents have taught me to respect my elders and that just because I may know a little bit more about technology than they do doesn’t mean that they aren’t smart or that their advice is worthless. Other characteristics that I do fit the mold in are thinking that luxuries are necessities. Growing up, I always had a dishwasher, microwave, computer, television and other necessities that my parents consider the comfortable luxuries of life. In conclusion Generation Y is a technology based generation because that is what we have grown up with and evolved with. Generation Y has also grown up thinking that luxuries are necessities because we have never been without them. Many of us also have feelings of entitlement because technology has made life easier for us and we haven’t had to work as hard as our parents did growing up. I believe that I personally fit the mold in some areas and don’t in others because of the generation and technology age that I have grown up in and the way that I was raised. Works Cited ————————————————- Armour, Stephanie. â€Å"Generation Y: They’ve arrived at work with a new attitude.† USA Today. USA Today, 06 November 2005. Web. 17 Sep 2012. <http://www.usatoday.com/money/workplace/2005-11-06-gen-y_x.htm>. ————————————————- ————————————————- Chang, Katherine. â€Å"What Defines Our Generation?.† Inside Beat. Inside Beat, 29 September 2010. Web. 17 Sep 2012. <http://www.inside-beat.com/film/what-defines-our-generation-1.2349047>. ————————————————- ————————————————- Kung, Vicky. â€Å"Rise of ‘nomophobia’: More people fear loss of mobile contact.† CNN. CNN, 07 March 2012. Web. 17 Sep 2012. <http://edition.cnn.com/2012/03/06/tech/mobile/nomophobia-mobile-addiction/?hpt=hp_c3>. ————————————————- ————————————————- Twenge, Jean. Generation Me: Why Today’s Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled -and More Miserable Than Ever Before. New York City: Simon & Schuster, Inc., 2006. 279. Web.

MOBA Game Addiction

The first mechanical or automatic computer was made in 1822 by Charles Babbage. It was capable of computing several sets of numbers and making had copies of the results. Despite its only single purpose, it was the start and the foundation of all the technology we have today. Ever since the day the computer was first made, different inventors have been creating their own computers with different functions, they also improved the inventions of others. For almost two centuries, computers have always been evolving. In our era, computers have many different functions, functions that do efficiently better than human beings.Functions of computers can be solving mathematical problems, socializing, searching answers for specific problems, or entertaintment. But nowadays, computers are used mostly for entertainment purposes. The reason is because computers are machines that are able to capture images,videos and audio. An examples would be, instead of watching shows from your television, listen ing music to the radio or checking photos from your albums, you are able to do all these using the computer alone. But the main objects of entertainment from computers are video games.Video games contain both video and audio files, it also has a purpose or goal for someone to achieve. The first ever computer game made was in 1952 by A. S. Douglas, a graphical computer version of Tic-Tac-Toe. The game was programmed on a EDSAC vacuum-tube computer, which had a cathode ray tube display. Like the computer, computer-based games were also evolving at the same time, people are creating games of their own. Graphics of computer games was the notable characteristic of a game evolving. Computer games have different genres, they can be puzzles, shooters, action or strategy.According to (____), the average of people who play computer games is 18-49, and the most played genre is puzzle. Computer games have also become competitive because of the amount of players trying to achieve the highest sco re possible. Because of this nature, game developers are developing more multiplayer games which purpose is generally to win by performing better than the other player. Due to multiplayer games, a term called â€Å"eSports† has been developed. eSports is the term for organized video game competitions, especially between professionals. The most common genre associated with eSports is multiplayer online battle arena.

Management Planning Tyco Essay

Tyco is an international and expanded company that offers necessary manufactured goods and services to consumers in some market segments. These segments consist of Fire & Security, Healthcare, Electronics, Plastics & Adhesives, and Engineered Products & Services. Recently, Tyco possesses huge profits and provides work for about hundred thousand workers in the world (Verschoor, C., 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Financial statement and cash flows in Tyco are well-built. Legacy economic and legal issues in this company have been answered.   They perform an excellent integration of businesses in the marketplace in order to survive in the highest standing.   Tyco International Ltd. is dividing their bodies into three autonomous companies (â€Å"Tyco International to become 3 companies†, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is the greatest method to allow Tyco to accomplish their complete capability. Every separated company will be capable to effort more rapidly and more competitively. Eventually, it will generate more significance for their investors as a result of performing the development approaches as autonomous companies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Previously, Tyco assessed a wide scale of their planned selections, involving the maintenance of Tyco’s recent working approach, trades of exclusive industries, and partition of the industries. Tyco assume that their strategic management planning, which full of continual improvement and value making, is the finest method to reach good reputation in the global competitive market (â€Å"Tyco International to become 3 companies†, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Tyco, consistency is the basis in the lead of their business activities. The consumers, investors, partners, and the societies where Tyco operate are looking forward to reliable and ethical management from them on a daily basis. Tyco should continuously give emphasis to their dedication to maintain their core importance. Their dedication to the top values of reliability starts with promising that every person, who gets through the Tyco Company, will recognizes Tyco’s main values. These values characterize how Tyco behave as workers and as managers (Verschoor, C., 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tyco be obliged to challenge their selves about the best principles of entity and business reliability. Tyco always try to maintain the company resources. Tyco persistently contest with the other companies to develop their products, business activities, and their selves. Tyco constantly struggle to recognize the public businesses and facilitate them to accomplish their objectives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tyco are committed to multiplicity, impartial behavior, mutual value, and dependence. They promote an environment that supports modernization, originality, and outcome by means of cooperation. Tyco perform management that educates, motivates, and encourages complete contribution and career improvement. They support valuable communication and transmission. Tyco pay tribute to the assurances that they create. They hold entity accountability for every achievements and outcomes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tyco make a working regulation of constant development that is an essential element of their philosophy. Tyco try to allocate the accountability in some parts in order to create their values become a fundamental element of their industries. All of Tyco executives and staffs should be responsible to the main principles of reliability and complete obedience through the rules and strategies that influence the performance of their business activities (â€Å"The Tyco Guide to Supplier Social Responsibility†, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is the accountability of Tyco to make sure that the assets that are vital to the success of the company’s goals. Tyco has some efforts to accomplish the success, such as applying, continuing and developing their management planning and advancing consumer satisfaction. All of these activities are recognized through the preparation developments (â€Å"The Tyco Guide to Supplier Social Responsibility†, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Commonly, resource necessities are intended through the forecasting procedure and attuned for the period of the year in return to selling augmentation, earnings strategies, capability restraints, varying consumer necessities and another desires. Executive in Tyco should evaluate the sufficiency of resources and regulations should be created rooted in recognized business requirements.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Strategic planning that conducted by Tyco allows them to reduce expenses while fulfilling consumer’s requirement and get the most out of profit while completing predicted requirement. Usually, strategic planning choices are created by divide groups concerned on a detailed part of Tyco’s general plan. For instance, in a planned capability forecast study, the selling unit investigates demand situations and offers predictions for upcoming demand. Concurrently and unconnectedly, Tyco examines their strategy for capability development and creates references (Lofstrom, Erika;  Nevgi, Anne, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Management planning in Tyco must consist of creative, theoretical and managerial aspects. To locate upcoming tendency that is a main principle of a management planning, Tyco have to methodically recognize about their current standing. Therefore, the development of improving a management planning is supposed to comprise an appraisal of the company’s past performance and recent state of affairs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tyco can decrease the probability of misunderstanding that will weaken the efficiency of their exertions, by starting in a management plan how the legal function is assumed to partake in its agreement and internal control attempts. The management planning should conduct in the direction of a fuller agreement procedure and a more wide-ranging method to the area under discussion (â€Å"Tyco International to become 3 companies†, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Management in Tyco has completed a brilliant responsibility of rotating their company all over the place. Tyco’s decision to adjust their efforts on established main products, and to make more efficient their businesses, has placed them in a good way for an earnings to productivity in this period. Management in Tyco takes part in an essential function in the adjustment procedure. It is a very optimistic improvement for Tyco investors (â€Å"The Tyco Guide to Supplier Social Responsibility†, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a vigorous and exhilarating company, Tyco have productive business activity. Tyco provides a plan that contains full management of preservation and developments of organization to make best use of operational competence. The management planning includes some features that able to support organization in bringing service to their customer to all intents and purposes. Tyco implements beneficial technique of assuring their intensive struggle to satisfy the customers. This method is appropriate for Tyco that has competitive employment arrangements (Lofstrom, Erika;  Nevgi, Anne, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, Tyco has wide-ranging study and assets and is constantly operating. Tyco is continuously improving innovative products. They always try to create innovation for presented and new products, activities, enhancements to presented activities, and customized machines, utensils or tools (Verschoor, C., 2006). Reference:    INTEGRITY EXCELLENCE TEAMWORK ACCOUNTABILITY. (2006). Retrieved 7 April, 2007, from http://www.tyco.com/WWW/Documents/pdf/tyco_guide_to_ethical_conduct.pdf Lofstrom, Erika;  Nevgi, Anne. (2007). From Strategic Planning to Meaningful Learning: Diverse Perspectives on the Development of Web-Based Teaching and Learning in Higher Education Retrieved 7 April, 2007, from http://www.eric.ed.gov Planning and Conducting a Functional Exercise. Helpful Hints for School Emergency Management. (2007). Retrieved 7 April, 2007, from http://www.eric.ed.gov The Tyco Guide to Supplier Social Responsibility. (2007). Retrieved 7 April, 2007, from http://www.tyco.com/WWW/pdf/IntegrityBrochure.pdf Tyco International to become 3 companies. (2006). Retrieved 7 April, 2007, from http://smallbusiness.yahoo.com/r-article-a-11158-m-61-sc-100-tyco_international_to_become_3_companies-i Verschoor, C. (2006). Tyco: an ethical metamorphosis. Strategic Finance      

The Safety and Reliability Issue of Robotic System with Artificial Research Paper

The Safety and Reliability Issue of Robotic System with Artificial Intelligence - Research Paper Example Since artificial intelligence is dissimilar to human intelligence, it is incapable of taking independent decisions. Moreover, it is incapable to respond properly in unfamiliar situations. Artificial intelligence need to be advanced a lot before human can trust it for doing independent works. INTRODUCTION â€Å"Robots are physical agents that perform tasks by manipulating the physical world. They are equipped with sensors to perceive their environment and effectors to assert physical forces on it†1. The huge success of robots in doing extremely risky works with utmost precision has developed huge interests in the scientific world about using robotic systems for artificial intelligence. Even though human like behavior cannot be expected from robots, it is widely believed that robots can match human intelligence to a much closer level than once anticipated. It is a fact that robots need human supervision or intervention for safe functioning. However, current robots need less supe rvision from human elements and they are intelligent enough to make necessary changes in its functioning based on the changes in the environment. Robots are currently used for people to conduct remote controlled video conferencing, navigation, rescuing, assisting and lifting of soldiers in the war fronts etc. It is difficult to define artificial intelligence or AI in few words. Generally speaking "Artificial intelligence is the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men" 2. The history of artificial intelligence started along with the discovery of computers in by Charles Babbage. Even though the possibilities of using artificial intelligence or robots are infinite, still people have many concerns about the reliability of using robots for artificial intelligence purposes. After all, robots are machines and machines cannot think as human does. It should be noted that even well experienced individuals are struggling to take appropriate decisions in this ever changing world. Under such circumstances, the reliability of depending artificial intelligence for executing complex jobs which need logical and quick decision making is highly questionable. This paper analyses the Safety and Reliability issue of Robotic System with Artificial Intelligence. SAFETY AND RELIABILITY ISSUE OF ROBOTIC SYSTEM WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Incredible speed in execution is the major advantage of robots controlled by artificial intelligence. Moreover, robots exhaust much slower than humans and therefore it can perform huge volumes of works compared to humans and that also within no time. In manufacturing units, robots can perform complicated works with utmost precision so that manpower requirements can be reduced considerably. Robots with artificial intelligence can handle million of calculations within seconds and therefore, it can perform preprogrammed jobs with ease. Because of the above ability a computer or robot can beat a human in a chess match. The development of mobile robots was driven by the desire to automate transportation in production processes and autonomous transport systems. The former lead to driver-less transport systems used on factory floors to move objects to different points in the production process in the late seventies. New forms of mobile robots have been constructed lately like insectoid robots with many legs modeled

Buddist Materiality and How it compares to Vimalakirti Essay

Buddist Materiality and How it compares to Vimalakirti - Essay Example The paper provides an analysis of the Vimalakirti Sutra, and the social material lifestyles in Dunhuang during the fifth through to the fourteenth century. This paper argues that during the fifteenth to the nineteenth century, the Buddhists used social, material lifestyles to describe their social lifestyle. Vimalakirti is an ordinary individual and not a learned scholar. One realizes that his spiritual level is high and his knowledge is profound as he debates with a number of disciples of Buddha and bodhisattvas. His spiritual level is supposed to be at par with Buddha. So, the issue is defined in clear terms in the sutra that enlightenment does not depend on initiation. Vimalakirti belonged to Licchavi, one of the ruling clans of ancient India, and he commanded high respect from all. The second chapter makes a reference to his illness. There is passing reference to his feigning illness but the fact is he probably has taken the illness of one of his devotees upon himself. People come to enquire about his welfare and Vimalakirti takes that opportunity to preach the finer aspects of dharma and many of them are blessed with enlightenment. In the ensuing chapters Lord Buddha advises his disciples and bodhisattvas to visit Vimalakirti as well. But they are disinclined to go and make pretexts, because in the past they had all been overwhelmed by Vimalakirtis loftier understanding of the ultimate spiritual truth. Vimalakriti owns extraordinary spiritual talent. Evan Manjusri, bodhisattva of wisdom, is no match for him. When he agrees to visit Vimalakriti, a galaxy of Buddha’s disciples, bodhisattvas, gods and goddesses decide to follow him to avail the opportunity to watch the two great spiritual giants conversing with each other. All of them know that it would be an astounding and illuminating experience. Soon the room where Vimalakirti is convalescing becomes the spiritual dispensation center. A large number of people

Performance & Reward Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Performance & Reward Management - Research Paper Example d Management, on the other hand, is related to one’s understanding of an individual’s motivating factors as well as their determination of the pay, bonus and other rewards they receive (Vince, 2002b). It is then in line with these definitions that the manner by which these concepts are understood by organizations tend to vary. Apparently, there are some organizations that basically link the two in a strong and explicit way. Conversely, there are also other firms who keep both management concepts separate from each other. However, the study of Vince (2002b) reveals that work in organizations that separate these two concepts tend to be characterized by higher levels of employee dissatisfaction. In the same manner, they also tend to experience higher turnover rates with the employees showing poor morale. Furthermore, Vince (2002b) also showed that these organizations tend to pose a desire aimed towards changing a certain aspect of the employees’ behaviour. The definition of Shields (2007) with regard to performance and reward management concurs with the above presented statements of Vince (2002c). Shields (2007), in establishing the link existing between the concepts, first discussed the purpose of reward management. According to him, a working organization that adopts a reward management scheme is usually guided by three main objectives; namely (Shields, 2007): (1) the need to attract the right people at the right time for the right jobs, tasks and roles; (2) the need to retain the best people through recognising and rewarding the contributions they made to the company; and finally, (3) the need to motivate the employees so as to ensure that they will contribute to the organization, the best of their capabilities. With regard to this definition, Shields (2007) then discusses that the strong link between reward and performance management has been clearly established for it has clearly expressed the need to ensure the motivation of the employees which are then